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With hypoprolactinemia, hypo- means below, -prolactin refers to the hormone produced

by the pituitary gland, and -emia refers to the blood, so hypoprolactinemia means lower

than normal prolactin levels in the blood.

Normally, at the base of the brain, there's a small pea-sized gland called the pituitary

gland.

The anterior pituitary - which is the front of the pituitary gland - has a number of different

cells, each of which secrete a different hormone.

One group, the lactotroph cells, secrete prolactin.

In men, prolactin stimulates testosterone production.

In women, during pregnancy, elevated levels of estrogen stimulate the lactotroph cells

to produce large amounts of prolactin which stimulates alveolar cells in the breasts.

In response to prolactin, the alveolar cells divide and enlarge - and once a baby is born,

lactogenesis starts - which means that milk is produced.

Apart from milk production, high levels of prolactin also inhibit the release of gonadotropin

releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which results in decreased luteinizing and follicle

stimulating hormone levels, which in turn, decreases estrogen levels.

In women, this can stop ovulation and menstruation, which is why women typically don't have

a menstrual period while breastfeeding.

In women that are not pregnant or breastfeeding, as well as in men, prolactin levels are usually

kept in check by the hypothalamus in two ways.

The first way is the most important, and it's when the hypothalamus secretes a constant

stream of dopamine which in this setting is called prolactin inhibiting factor.

Dopamine binds to specific receptors on the lactotroph cells and inhibit the release of

prolactin.

The second way is less significant, and it's when the hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin

releasing hormone, also called prolactin releasing hormone, which can stimulate prolactin release.

If the level of prolactin rises for any reason, then it signals the hypothalamus to release

more dopamine, eventually decreasing its own production, a process called negative feedback

or feedback inhibition.

The most common cause of hypoprolactinemia is Sheehan's syndrome, a disorder where

lactotroph cells die in a woman that has recently given birth and has postpartum hemorrhage

- excessive blood loss during delivery.

That happens because the lactotroph cells have an increased demand for blood, and the

postpartum hemorrhage results in a decreased supply of blood - that leads to ischemia and

necrosis.

Another cause of hypoprolactinemia is taking medications containing dopamine, as well as

dopamine agonists like bromocriptine which inhibit prolactin release from lactotroph

cells.

Another cause is a tumor in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, which puts pressure

on the nearby lactotroph cells and interferes with their ability to produce prolactin.

That happens in part because the tumor creates local inflammation that can damage the lactotroph

cells.

Hypoprolactinemia generally only causes symptoms in breastfeeding women who can have agalactorrhea,

which is a decrease in breastmilk production.

In women that aren't breastfeeding, and in men, hypoprolactinemia doesn't usually

cause symptoms.

The diagnosis of hypoprolactinemia can be made when there are decreased levels of prolactin

in the blood, particularly if the levels of prolactin are low in spite of receiving thyrotropin-releasing

hormone.

An MRI can help confirm the Sheehan's syndrome or the presence of a pituitary or hypothalamic

tumor.

Treatment is usually reserved for women who want to breastfeed.

Dopamine antagonists can be used to oppose the action of dopamine and that removes the

inhibition on the lactotroph cells.

If there's a tumor, though, surgery may be needed.

All right, as a quick recap, hypoprolactinemia, or low prolactin levels in the blood, is most

often caused by Sheehan's syndrome, where lactotroph cells die in women who have postpartum

hemorrhage.

These women can develop agalactorrhea and can be treated with dopamine antagonists.

For more infomation >> Hypoprolactinemia - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - Duration: 5:26.

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Immunotherapy, the treatment for Ivan's neuroblastoma - Duration: 4:15.

For more infomation >> Immunotherapy, the treatment for Ivan's neuroblastoma - Duration: 4:15.

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[HEALTH]Prevention and Treatment to Lower High Cholesterol - Duration: 2:53.

Prevention and Treatment to Lower High Cholesterol

  Prevention and Treatment to Lower High Cholesterol A few smart lifestyle tweaks can help you improve your cholesterol numbers.

  Having abnormally high cholesterol levels in your blood raises your risk for heart disease and stroke. Luckily, there are a few key steps that can help you lower your cholesterol — or prevent high cholesterol in the first place.

There are no symptoms of high cholesterol.

Youll only learn you have it after your doctor has ordered a blood test known as a lipid panel, either as part of your regular checkup, after you've had a heart attack, or because someone in your family was diagnosed with inherited high cholesterol (familial hypercholesterolemia, or FH).

If the test shows that your cholesterol is high, and the test was part of your regular exam, your doctor may recommend certain lifestyle changes as the first line of treatment.

If these changes dont help you achieve healthier cholesterol levels, you may need to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. If you've had a heart attack or are diagnosed with FH, you'll probably need one or more cholesterol-lowering drugs immediately.

Lifestyle Remedies for High Cholesterol A healthy lifestyle is your first protection against unhealthy levels of cholesterol or triglycerides (another type of fat similar to cholesterol) in your blood.

Experts suggest taking the following steps to lower your risk of having high cholesterol: Stick to a healthy diet. Reducing levels of saturated fats and trans fats in your diet may have a big impact on your cholesterol levels.

Keep your weight down. If you have a body mass index of 30 or greater, you have an elevated risk of developing high cholesterol. Abdominal fat that expands your waist measurement can raise your risk of developing high cholesterol.

  For men, a waist measurement of 40 inches (102 centimeters) or more puts you at higher risk, as does a waist measurement of 35 inches (89 cm) or more for women.

Exercise has two effects on cholesterol: It raises your bodys levels of HDL (good) cholesterol, and it also increases the size of LDL particles, which makes them less likely to form plaque on coronary artery walls.

Try to get 40 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise three to four times a week, to help keep your cholesterol levels in check. In this case, more is better — exercising daily will improve your health even more.

If youre just getting started on an exercise routine or havent been active in a while, try low-impact aerobic exercises like walking, cycling, or swimming. Always get your doctors okay before starting an exercise program.

Tobacco smoke causes damage to the walls of your blood vessels, making it easier for plaque to accumulate. Smoking also lowers HDL levels. Control your blood sugar. If you have diabetes, its important to keep your blood sugar under control.

High blood sugar levels can weaken the lining of your arteries, raise LDL (bad) cholesterol, and lower HDL cholesterol. Medication for High Cholesterol Sometimes, even people who follow a very healthy lifestyle can have high cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

  If youre among them, your doctor may recommend taking medication to help lower your cholesterol levels. These cholesterol-lowering drugs include statins, fibrates, niacin, PSCK9 inhibitors, drugs to prevent cholesterol absorption from food, and bile acid sequestrants.

Nutritional supplements include fish oil, soy, garlic, and plant stanols and sterols.

For more infomation >> [HEALTH]Prevention and Treatment to Lower High Cholesterol - Duration: 2:53.

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Baalon Ka Girna Ilaj | Hair Fall Treatment In Urdu | Hair Loss Remedie For Women | 2017 - Duration: 2:41.

Baalon Ka Girna Ilaj | Hair Fall Treatment In Urdu | Hair Loss Remedie For Women | 2017

Baalon Ka Girna Ilaj | Hair Fall Treatment In Urdu | Hair Loss Remedie For Women | 2017

For more infomation >> Baalon Ka Girna Ilaj | Hair Fall Treatment In Urdu | Hair Loss Remedie For Women | 2017 - Duration: 2:41.

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[HEALTH]Heart Failure Treatment Guidelines: More Medication Options - Duration: 4:22.

Heart Failure Treatment Guidelines: More Medication Options

The list of recommended heart failure medications now includes two new drugs. New guidelines aim to help you and your doctor decide on the best treatment if you're living with heart failure.

Studies of the new drugs found they improved quality of life and cut down on hospitalizations for heart failure.

If you have heart failure, you now have more treatment choices than ever, says Clyde Yancy, MD, chief of the division of medicine-cardiology at Northwestern Universitys Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago.

Yancy chaired a group of representatives from the Heart Failure Society of America, the American College of Cardiology, and the American Heart Association that updated heart failure treatment guidelines in May 2016 to include two new drugs.

The drugs, Entresto (sacubitril and valsartan) and Corlanor (ivabradine), were both approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015 as safe and effective treatments for heart failure.

Yancy, who has treated patients with heart failure for more than 25 years, says the addition of the two new drugs is about as much hope as Ive been able to convey to patients.

And nothing is more important than that when youre caring for people who have despair over the diagnosis..

About 5.1 million people in the United States have heart failure, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). When this condition occurs, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body.

Heart failure typically worsens over time as the heart's pumping ability continues to decline. Heart attacks and high blood pressure increase your risk for heart failure.

Those affected can have trouble breathing and feel tired, weak, and short of breath when going about everyday activities.

About half of those who develop the condition die within five years of their diagnosis, according to the CDC. Treatments include cutting back on dietary salt, getting some exercise each day, and taking medication.

Some patients will go on to need a heart transplant to survive. Who Is a Candidate for New Treatments?.

The updated treatment guideline revises recommendations issued in 2013 and only addresses new pharmacological treatments. A full update on heart failure treatment is underway, say doctors. But the new drugs are not for everyone with heart failure, experts say.

They arent going to be right for every patient, notes Michael M.

Givertz, MD, medical director of the heart transplant and mechanical circulatory support program at Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, who represented the Heart Failure Society of America at the meeting.

We dont want the news to be that everyone with heart failure should go to their doctor and say, Give me Entresto, give me Corlanor, he says.

Under the updated guidelines, the two new drugs have been added to the list of options for those with a diagnosis of "Stage C heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction.

" Until now, treatment options for this diagnosis have included several types of heart failure drugs, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), aldosterone receptor antagonists, beta blockers, and others.

Corlanor works by blocking a salt channel in the primary pacemaker of the heart, reducing heart rate, while Entresto works by relaxing blood vessels and reducing the buildup of sodium and fluid in your body.

Corlanor was approved by the FDA in April 2015. In a study of more than 6,500 people who took either Corlanor or a placebo, fewer patients taking Corlanor were hospitalized for worsening heart failure.

In the study, the most common side effects of Corlanor included excess slowing of the heart rate, elevated blood pressure, a heart rhythm problem know as atrial fibrillation, and transient vision problems with flashes of light.

Entresto was FDA-approved in July 2015. In a study of more than 8,000 patients, the drug was shown to lower the rate of both cardiovascular death and hospitalizations related to heart failure compared to another drug, Vasotec (enalapril).

The most common side effects of Entresto included low blood pressure, a high blood potassium level, and problems with kidney function.

Allergic reactions, such as facial or lip swelling, were also reported; experts say emergency treatment is crucial if you experience any allergies or breathing issues.

Insurance may help cover the cost of new heart failure drugs, which can be pricey. A months supply of Corlanor is about $400, as is the monthly cost for the lowest dose of Entresto.

The companies that make the drugs may offer patient assistance programs to help lower the cost of the new heart failure drugs.

When they're used in properly selected patients, medications for heart failure can help keep people out of the hospital and improve quality of life, says cardiologist David A.

Friedman, MD, chief of heart failure services at Northwell Health Long Island Jewish Valley Stream Hospital in Valley Stream, New York.

It definitely is an exciting time in the heart failure world as we start using newer treatment options in addition to more traditional anti-heart failure pharmacologic strategies," says Dr. Friedman.