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Bacterial infections of the tooth and the surrounding tissues progress rather slowly,
but every step is so much more severe than the previous one.
Cariogenic bacteria will first tear enamel down.
Then they'll bore through dentin.
When they or their toxic waste get into the pulp, pulpitis occurs.
Without immediate treatment, pulpitis can cause irreversible damage and require a root
canal.
If no treatment is performed, the pulp will eventually die off through necrosis.
At that point, the tooth is considered dead, and in essence, it becomes a staging area
for bacteria to spread further.
Our immune system will, at that point, try to stage a defense around the apices of the
dental root.
We call that "battlefield" apical periodontitis, which is one of the periapical lesions.
The primary form of defense our body has against infection is the polymorphonuclear leukocyte,
also known as the neutrophil.
It is the finest soldier serving our body, and its task is to locate and destroy microbes
that intrude into the body, wherever that might be.
This is usually a very effective force, and most of the times sufficient.
When an infection occurs, neutrophils will mobilize in huge numbers, head to the site
of infection, and leave the circulatory system, searching for bacteria to destroy.
They achieve this through three methods.
First is degranulation, where neutrophils release a bunch of granules containing various
enzymes, that hurt bacteria.
Then, they will use neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs, to immobilize the wounded
bacteria.
These are actually nets, made out of neutrophil DNA!
Finally, neutrophils will then gobble up the bacteria through phagocytosis as a final means
of its destruction.
All of this works really well, most of the time.
But, fighting infection is a bloody affair and many of the neutrophils perish during
the fight.
Macroscopically, the battlefield, containing neutrophil remains, released enzymes, NETs
and dead bacteria, makes up pus.
And a lot of it can accumulate, given the severity of the infection.
Enzymes from the pus will irritate the surrounding tissues, creating an acute phase of apical
periodontitis.
The accumulation of pus is called a periapical abscess, as it surrounds the root.
This abscess can eventually form a sinus tract, which is a narrow passageway that extends
from the abscess to the mouth, through which the pus can drain out.
The periapical abscess can also progress into a periapical cyst, which is when fibrous tissue
and immune cells surround an area of chronic infection containing pus.
In less fortunate cases of periapical lesions on the maxillary teeth, the cyst can form
a fistula to the maxillary sinus, causing a severe case of sinusitis.
If the external drainage fails to happen, and the cyst or abscess continues to grow,
the lesion might progress to osteomyelitis, which is the inflammation of the underlying
bone, or cellulitis, which is the inflammation of the throat.
One severe form of cellulitis is called Ludwig's angina, where the inflammation of soft tissues
is so severe, it may lead to death through suffocation.
Treatment of periapical lesions usually involves antibiotics to curb the infection.
Then, an endodontic therapy is performed where the decaying pulp is removed and the abscess
is drained.
The pulp space gets thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, while the tooth crown is repaired,
allowing the dead tooth to continue doing its mechanical function of chewing.
Endodontic therapy has a high success rate, however, the treated tooth can sometimes reinfect
and an extraction may be required.
All right, as a quick recap.
Periapical lesions are inflammatory in origin, and involve apical periodontitis, which may
evolve into periapical abscess or a periapical cyst.
Abscesses can drain into the mouth or cause cellulitis.
Treatment involves antibiotics, pus drainage, endodontic treatment of the tooth, and failing
all that, extraction of the affected tooth.
For more infomation >> Periapical lesions - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - Duration: 5:26.-------------------------------------------
FDA warns against buying 'young blood' for treatment against aging - Duration: 1:53.
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New breakthrough treatment for women with hardest-to-treat breast cancer - Duration: 9:08.
New breakthrough treatment for women with hardest-to-treat breast cancer
An experimental 'magic bullet' drug has the potential to change the way women are treated for one of the most deadly forms of breast cancer, an expert has said.
Sacituzumab, is an antibody that zeroes in on cancer cells. Like a homing missile, it delivers a 'warhead' in the form of a potent chemotherapy drug. Since it directly targets tumours while avoiding healthy cells, side effects are kept to a minimum.
In a clinical trial involving 108 women with triple-negative breast cancer that had spread around the body, the infused drug caused 'significant' tumour shrinkage, researchers reported.
The women had all previously failed to respond to two or more previous treatments. All had a poor prognosis. Overall, a third of the patients responded to the drug and typical survival time was 13 months.
Nine long-term responders remained free of any disease progression for more than a year.
Senior investigator Dr Kevin Kalinsky, from Columbia University, New York, said: 'I think this drug has the potential to change practice, because the data looks so compelling, even with the relatively small number of patients in the trial.
There's an unmet need for patients with metastatic (spreading) triple-negative breast cancer, and we see significant tumour shrinkage with this new therapy. Triple negative breast cancers are notoriously hard to treat.
They are impervious to normal types of hormone therapy and drugs that target the cancer-fuelling HER-2 protein.
The new drug is also being tested against other types of breast cancer as well as bladder and prostate cancers, said researchers writing in the New England Journal of Medicine.
During the trial only 3 percent of patients stopped taking the drug due to adverse side effects. The main effects seen were hair loss, diarrhoea and fatigue.
Dr Kalinsky added: 'Having smaller tumours can be incredibly meaningful to a patient's quality of life. When tumours shrink, patients are more likely to experience improvement in symptoms, like pain.'.
An experimental 'magic bullet' drug has the potential to change the way women are treated for one of the most deadly forms of breast cancer, an expert has said.
Sacituzumab, is an antibody that zeroes in on cancer cells. Like a homing missile, it delivers a 'warhead' in the form of a potent chemotherapy drug. Since it directly targets tumours while avoiding healthy cells, side effects are kept to a minimum.
In a clinical trial involving 108 women with triple-negative breast cancer that had spread around the body, the infused drug caused 'significant' tumour shrinkage, researchers reported.
The women had all previously failed to respond to two or more previous treatments. All had a poor prognosis. Overall, a third of the patients responded to the drug and typical survival time was 13 months.
Nine long-term responders remained free of any disease progression for more than a year.
Senior investigator Dr Kevin Kalinsky, from Columbia University, New York, said: 'I think this drug has the potential to change practice, because the data looks so compelling, even with the relatively small number of patients in the trial.
There's an unmet need for patients with metastatic (spreading) triple-negative breast cancer, and we see significant tumour shrinkage with this new therapy. Triple negative breast cancers are notoriously hard to treat.
They are impervious to normal types of hormone therapy and drugs that target the cancer-fuelling HER-2 protein.
The new drug is also being tested against other types of breast cancer as well as bladder and prostate cancers, said researchers writing in the New England Journal of Medicine.
During the trial only 3 percent of patients stopped taking the drug due to adverse side effects. The main effects seen were hair loss, diarrhoea and fatigue.
Dr Kalinsky added: 'Having smaller tumours can be incredibly meaningful to a patient's quality of life. When tumours shrink, patients are more likely to experience improvement in symptoms, like pain.'.
An experimental 'magic bullet' drug has the potential to change the way women are treated for one of the most deadly forms of breast cancer, an expert has said.
Sacituzumab, is an antibody that zeroes in on cancer cells. Like a homing missile, it delivers a 'warhead' in the form of a potent chemotherapy drug. Since it directly targets tumours while avoiding healthy cells, side effects are kept to a minimum.
In a clinical trial involving 108 women with triple-negative breast cancer that had spread around the body, the infused drug caused 'significant' tumour shrinkage, researchers reported.
The women had all previously failed to respond to two or more previous treatments. All had a poor prognosis. Overall, a third of the patients responded to the drug and typical survival time was 13 months.
Nine long-term responders remained free of any disease progression for more than a year.
Senior investigator Dr Kevin Kalinsky, from Columbia University, New York, said: 'I think this drug has the potential to change practice, because the data looks so compelling, even with the relatively small number of patients in the trial.
There's an unmet need for patients with metastatic (spreading) triple-negative breast cancer, and we see significant tumour shrinkage with this new therapy. Triple negative breast cancers are notoriously hard to treat.
They are impervious to normal types of hormone therapy and drugs that target the cancer-fuelling HER-2 protein.
The new drug is also being tested against other types of breast cancer as well as bladder and prostate cancers, said researchers writing in the New England Journal of Medicine.
During the trial only 3 percent of patients stopped taking the drug due to adverse side effects. The main effects seen were hair loss, diarrhoea and fatigue.
Dr Kalinsky added: 'Having smaller tumours can be incredibly meaningful to a patient's quality of life. When tumours shrink, patients are more likely to experience improvement in symptoms, like pain.'.
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Keranique Hair Growth - The Best Formula Hair Regrowth Treatment - Duration: 1:45.
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'Everything went perfectly well' Khedira reveals heart treatment went well and targets Juventus retu - Duration: 4:06.
SAMI KHEDIRA revealed he underwent successful heart treatment this morning and hopes to back in a Juventus shirt soon
The midfielder was diagnosed with arrhythmia after tests on Tuesday showed he had an irregular heartbeat
Khedira, 31, took to Twitter to share his update and thank fans for their support - who could see him back in action towards the end of March
He said: "I've had a successful interventional therapy today in the morning with an ablation of an arrhythmogenic atrial focus
"Everything went perfectly well and I will be able to get back to work after a short rest
Thank you so much for all your messages and get well wishes!" In a statement of their own, Juventus said: "Today in the morning the player Sami Khedira underwent electrophysiological study and successful interventional therapy with ablation of an arrhythmogenic atrial focus, performed by Prof
Fiorenzo Gaita, JM cardiologist consultant for Juventus." Arrhythmia can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other complications if left untreated
It is most common in people over the age of 65 but is often not life threatening
Khedira added: "A big thank you to Prof. F. Gaita as well. Now I'm wishing my team mates all the best for tonight's game in Madrid
" Unfortunately for Khedira, it appears his team-mates did not get the message. They fell to a disappointing 2-0 defeat against Diego Simeone's side to put qualification for the Champions League quarter-finals in serious doubt
Late goals from Uruguayan defenders Jose Maria Gimenez and Diego Godin, the latter's deflecting off Cristiano Ronaldo, put the La Liga side firmly in control
And it could have been worse had it not been for the introduction of VAR for the knockout stages of this season's competition
Atletico Madrid had a penalty changed to a free-kick and then Alvaro Morata's thumping header was ruled out for a push on Giorgio Chiellini
Juventus now have a mountain to climb when they try and overturn the deficit in the second leg at the Allianz Stadium on March 12
Cristiano Ronaldo reminds Atletico Madrid fans how many times he's won Champions League on return to Madrid
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Family-Based Treatment Group Home | New Heaven Dominion - Duration: 0:52.
The need for intensive treatment services for emotionally troubled children and adolescents
in the Department of Children & Families District Four is reflected in the large number of such
youths currently residing in or on waiting lists for a family home setting.
New Heaven Dominion strives to meet the needs of such youths by developing and maintaining
a family-based oriented treatment group home.
NHD, Inc. is a 501(c) 3 Christian family-based treatment group home organization.
Our purpose is to build relationships that enhance the development of skills, build self-esteem,
new behavior patterns, foster a sense of worth and embrace a belief in each resident's
individual potential.
We build a foundation that will be their lifelong guide to successful living.
We invite you to change lives with us!
Your prayers and financial support is greatly needed and appreciated.
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Pet Urine Removal Treatment by E&L Chem-Dry - Duration: 3:13.
We love our pets.
They're our BFFs, the best listeners, trusted co-pilots,
and our favorite playmates.
But make no mistake.
If you own pets,
chances are you've had a pet accident in your home.
Unfortunately,
pet accidents can really affect the health and wellbeing of your home and your family.
How serious can this be to your family's health?
To answer that
we asked acclaimed veterinarian Dr. Kwane Stewart to share his views on the subject.
Pet urine in carpets, rugs, and upholstery or other soft furnishings
can cause noxious odors due to the ammonia contained in the urine,
which can incite respiratory issue and aggravate other conditions
such as asthma and allergies.
On top of that, pet urine can contain bacteria
in the food particles that can be deposited around your home which can result in illness.
I certainly wouldn't want my kids playing on a carpet with pet urine
due to these and other risks just like I wouldn't want them playing on or around a toilet.
What are the facts about pet urine in carpets?
If left untreated,
pet urine penetrates carpet fibers down to the base and into the floor underneath.
As it dries, the liquid evaporates but urine crystals form which cause the strong odor.
Another factor is the the urine can leave behind bacteria as well.
Many consumer products and professional services really just mask the odor
only to have it return later.
But we have good news: Chem-Dry has a solution the really works.
First, we assess whether there is any pet urine in your home
so we can let you know the extent of the issue and determine how to best treat it.
Then we'll use our proprietary PURT process which stands for Pet Urine Removal Treatment.
PURT eliminate the poor at the source, breaking down and exploding urine crystals
and removing them and the odors they cause for good.
Using our hot carbonating extraction process along with a sanitizer, we can also perform
a deep clean down to the base of your carpets to eliminate the dirt residue and bacteria.
In fact, we hired a independent lab to test these Chem-Dry processes.
The lab found that PURT removes 99.9% of pet urine odors in carpets.
And, when combined with our hot carbonating extraction process and a sanitizer,
Chem-Dry removes 99.2% of the bacteria from pet urine in carpets,
leaving your home cleaner and healthier.
Was does Dr. Kwane think of PURT?
We have a miniature schnauzer named Saki and two children in our home
and I certainly don't want those unhealthy elements lingering here.
That's why we trusted Chem-Dry's PURT process in my home.
It got out the odors and bacteria which gives me peace of mind knowing how much time
my little ones spend lying and playing on our carpets and couches.
A healthy home is very important to us.
With Chem-Dry you get a deeper, longer lasting clean and a healthier, happier home.
Chem-Dry: we clean for your health like no one else.
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